"Positive Thinking of a Pessimist" Reading Notes

"The Positive Thinking of a Pessimist" Reading Notes#

Author: Schopenhauer
Reading Duration: 4 hours

These are the notes and excerpts I recorded while reading "The Positive Thinking of a Pessimist" on WeChat Reading.

1 General Discussion on Life#

A basic division of happiness and joy in life: the self of a person, what a person possesses, and a person's status. Additionally, a general overview of choices and preparations in life.

3 The Way of Dealing with People#

In the journey of life, we should strive to be tolerant and self-disciplined, avoiding arguments and quarrels with others; this way, we will benefit greatly throughout our lives. The wisdom of dealing with people highlights the brilliance of philosophical thought.

4 Fate and the World#

Do not forget yourself in success, nor lose your composure in failure.

The Blessings of Life#

Aristotle divides the blessings of life into three categories: blessings from the external world, blessings from the mind, and blessings from the body.

Life is a Journey#

What we strive to obtain often turns out to be unsuitable for us when we finally get it.

The years lost in preparation for a great undertaking inadvertently deprive us of the strength to carry it out. Wealth accumulated by a person who does not fear hardship and danger is often enjoyed by others; or, the position gained through years of hard work is one they cannot fulfill. For them, happiness comes too late; from another perspective, they arrive too late to enjoy happiness.

The world we live in largely depends on how we choose to view it, so different people see different worlds: some find it desolate, dull, and superficial, while others find it rich, interesting, and meaningful.

The only thing we can do with all our strength is to fully express our personal qualities, allowing our endeavors to utilize our intellect and, within our capabilities, to avoid other distractions. Therefore, we must choose the positions, industries, and lifestyles that best suit our development. The two great enemies of happiness in life are pain and boredom. We can further say that if we are fortunate enough to escape one enemy, we will approach another enemy according to how much we have distanced ourselves from the first. In fact, the process of life seems to oscillate violently between these two.

What we strive to obtain often turns out to be unsuitable for us when we finally get it.

The years lost in preparation for a great undertaking inadvertently deprive us of the strength to carry it out. Wealth accumulated by a person who does not fear hardship and danger is often enjoyed by others; or, the position gained through years of hard work is one they cannot fulfill. For them, happiness comes too late; from another perspective, they arrive too late to enjoy happiness.

The world we live in largely depends on how we choose to view it, so different people see different worlds: some find it desolate, dull, and superficial, while others find it rich, interesting, and meaningful.

The only thing we can do with all our strength is to fully express our personal qualities, allowing our endeavors to utilize our intellect and, within our capabilities, to avoid other distractions. Therefore, we must choose the positions, industries, and lifestyles that best suit our development. The two great enemies of happiness in life are pain and boredom. We can further say that if we are fortunate enough to escape one enemy, we will approach another enemy according to how much we have distanced ourselves from the first. In fact, the process of life seems to oscillate violently between these two.

Know Thyself#

One must make some progress in understanding oneself; one must know what their true main and most critical goals are in life, what happiness they most desire; and then, what occupies the second and third positions in their thoughts. They must find out what their true mission in life is as a whole, what role they should play, and what their general relationship with the world is.

Happiness is but a Dream, Sadness is Reality#

For joy is ultimately negative. The belief that joy produces happiness is an illusion, stemming from envy, and ultimately leads to punishment.

Pain is an undeniable feeling; the true standard of happiness is the absence of pain. If we do not suffer pain and do not find life dull, all necessary conditions for happiness are met, and everything else is illusory.

We should never exchange joy for the price of pain, nor should we even risk incurring pain. To do so is to exchange positive reality for negative illusion. However, sacrificing joy to avoid pain is beneficial. As for whether pain follows joy or precedes it, it is of no importance.

Voltaire said: "Happiness is but a dream, sadness is reality."

The happiest fate is not to experience the most delightful joy or the greatest happiness, but to bring life to its end without suffering great physical or mental pain.

For joy is ultimately negative. The belief that joy produces happiness is an illusion, stemming from envy, and ultimately leads to punishment.

Pain is an undeniable feeling; the true standard of happiness is the absence of pain. If we do not suffer pain and do not find life dull, all necessary conditions for happiness are met, and everything else is illusory.

We should never exchange joy for the price of pain, nor should we even risk incurring pain. To do so is to exchange positive reality for negative illusion. However, sacrificing joy to avoid pain is beneficial. As for whether pain follows joy or precedes it, it is of no importance.

Voltaire said: "Happiness is but a dream, sadness is reality."

The happiest fate is not to experience the most delightful joy or the greatest happiness, but to bring life to its end without suffering great physical or mental pain.

Self and the External#

The blueprint for constructing "happiness" is precisely the opposite of what has been described above. Therefore, lowering your demands to a minimum is the most reliable way to avoid extreme misfortune.

A person can only directly comprehend their own ideas, feelings, and desires; the external world can only influence them to produce those ideas, feelings, and desires.

The blueprint for constructing "happiness" is precisely the opposite of what has been described above. Therefore, lowering your demands to a minimum is the most reliable way to avoid extreme misfortune.

A person can only directly comprehend their own ideas, feelings, and desires; the external world can only influence them to produce those ideas, feelings, and desires.

Two Types of Misfortune#

Therefore, if we do not want to lose all the joys of life due to the fear of misfortune, we should regard the former type of misfortune as something that will never happen and the latter type as something that will not happen immediately.

If unfortunate events have already occurred and cannot be changed, we should not think that things could have evolved differently, nor should we think about how we could have avoided them. Such thoughts only increase our distress, making things unbearable and turning us into self-pitying individuals.

Events occur as a necessary result and are unavoidable.

Therefore, if we do not want to lose all the joys of life due to the fear of misfortune, we should regard the former type of misfortune as something that will never happen and the latter type as something that will not happen immediately.

If unfortunate events have already occurred and cannot be changed, we should not think that things could have evolved differently, nor should we think about how we could have avoided them. Such thoughts only increase our distress, making things unbearable and turning us into self-pitying individuals.

Events occur as a necessary result and are unavoidable.

Moderate Balance#

The wise person is dedicated to avoiding pain, not seeking joy.

Enjoy the Moment#

"Today" appears only once and will not return. We easily forget that each day is an indispensable part of life, and thus irreplaceable.

Techniques for Gaining Happiness#

Limiting the realm of external activities reduces the mind's exposure to external stimuli; limiting the scope of our intellectual efforts alleviates the sources of internal stimuli.

In this regard, purely mental occupations contribute significantly to happiness for those whose intellect can match them, often exceeding the contributions of ordinary practical careers.

Simplicity, even monotony, can contribute to our happiness.

Limiting the realm of external activities reduces the mind's exposure to external stimuli; limiting the scope of our intellectual efforts alleviates the sources of internal stimuli.

In this regard, purely mental occupations contribute significantly to happiness for those whose intellect can match them, often exceeding the contributions of ordinary practical careers.

Simplicity, even monotony, can contribute to our happiness.

Self-Reflection#

Every night before sleeping, review the day's actions. Living carelessly each day, busy with work or pleasure, without reflecting on the past—like continuously pulling cotton from the scroll of life—leaves us unaware of our direction.

Pursuing fame, seeking pleasure, and living extravagantly are fundamentally misguided paths to happiness. This approach attempts to transform our painful existence into a series of joys, delights, and happiness—this process inevitably leads to disappointment and delusion. In this regard, it is comparable to the inevitable accompaniment it brings: everyone lies to each other. Just as our bodies are covered by clothing, our minds are hidden behind a veil of lies. The veil always exists; we can only sometimes guess others' thoughts through the veil, just as we perceive their body shapes through their clothing.

Every night before sleeping, review the day's actions. Living carelessly each day, busy with work or pleasure, without reflecting on the past—like continuously pulling cotton from the scroll of life—leaves us unaware of our direction.

Pursuing fame, seeking pleasure, and living extravagantly are fundamentally misguided paths to happiness. This approach attempts to transform our painful existence into a series of joys, delights, and happiness—this process inevitably leads to disappointment and delusion. In this regard, it is comparable to the inevitable accompaniment it brings: everyone lies to each other. Just as our bodies are covered by clothing, our minds are hidden behind a veil of lies. The veil always exists; we can only sometimes guess others' thoughts through the veil, just as we perceive their body shapes through their clothing.

Getting Along with Oneself#

A person only reveals their true nature when alone; if they do not enjoy solitude, they will not appreciate freedom. For a person only possesses true freedom when alone.

The Ideal Society#

In a society, what annoys great talents and wise individuals is "equality of rights," as these rights directly lead to everyone being able to claim superiority, which is universally loved. In natural circumstances, differences in intelligence imply that social rights should vary accordingly.

The so-called ideal society is not only the worst for bringing us companions who cannot be admired or loved, but it also does not allow us to maintain our nature and essence. To achieve harmony, it forces us to curl up, even completely deform.

In a society, what annoys great talents and wise individuals is "equality of rights," as these rights directly lead to everyone being able to claim superiority, which is universally loved. In natural circumstances, differences in intelligence imply that social rights should vary accordingly.

The so-called ideal society is not only the worst for bringing us companions who cannot be admired or loved, but it also does not allow us to maintain our nature and essence. To achieve harmony, it forces us to curl up, even completely deform.

False Excellence#

Therefore, in most societies, those who are willing to be self-sufficient will gain substantial benefits.

Apart from oneself, no one can fully resonate with another— not even the best friends or lifelong partners. Differences in personality and temperament will always lead to some disharmony, albeit minor. That genuine inner peace, complete tranquility of the heart, is the second greatest blessing that health can offer us in this world, attainable only in solitude. To make tranquility a lasting emotion, one must completely immerse oneself in seclusion. At this point, if the person has any strengths or gifts, their lifestyle will be the happiest in this miserable world.

Therefore, in most societies, those who are willing to be self-sufficient will gain substantial benefits.

Apart from oneself, no one can fully resonate with another— not even the best friends or lifelong partners. Differences in personality and temperament will always lead to some disharmony, albeit minor. That genuine inner peace, complete tranquility of the heart, is the second greatest blessing that health can offer us in this world, attainable only in solitude. To make tranquility a lasting emotion, one must completely immerse oneself in seclusion. At this point, if the person has any strengths or gifts, their lifestyle will be the happiest in this miserable world.

Another Type of Misfortune#

The wise person first seeks to avoid pain and worry, to gain peace and leisure, which is a simple and undisturbed life. Therefore, after gaining some understanding of "the world," they choose not to seek fame; if they possess great talent, they may even live in solitude. The more fulfilled a person's inner self, the less they need from others—others can do less for them. This is why high wisdom often leads to social isolation. Of course, if the "quality" of wisdom can be compensated by "quantity," it is still worth living in this vast world. Unfortunately, a hundred fools cannot match one wise person. Once an ordinary person is free from the pain of poverty, they will spare no effort to seek entertainment, make friends, and socialize, fearing to be alone. For in solitude, each person can only rely on themselves, and their true nature is revealed. A pitiful personality is a lifelong burden: a fool, even if born into privilege, will still be weighed down by their personality, while an intelligent person, filled with vibrant thoughts, can populate barren lands.

Either Be Alone or Be Mediocre#

Seneca said: "Stupidity is a burden." This is indeed a profound truth, comparable to a line from the Bible: "The life of a fool is far inferior to death." Generally speaking, some people like to make friends simply because they are of low intelligence and conform to the crowd. Our choices in this world rarely exceed the extremes of solitude and mediocrity, following the crowd.

Great Minds are Destined to be Lonely#

Those with great minds live in this world but do not truly belong to it. From an early age, they feel a clear difference between themselves and others, but only gradually. As time passes, they begin to understand their position. Their loneliness in intellect is then reinforced by their actual reclusive lifestyle. Those who are not to some extent liberated from popular mediocrity find it difficult to approach them.

Based on long-term experiences with others, we no longer hold great expectations for people. We find that deeper interactions with others yield little reward.

Those with great minds live in this world but do not truly belong to it. From an early age, they feel a clear difference between themselves and others, but only gradually. As time passes, they begin to understand their position. Their loneliness in intellect is then reinforced by their actual reclusive lifestyle. Those who are not to some extent liberated from popular mediocrity find it difficult to approach them.

Based on long-term experiences with others, we no longer hold great expectations for people. We find that deeper interactions with others yield little reward.

The Benefits of Solitude#

For intelligent people, the benefits of solitude are doubled. First, it allows them to be at peace; second, they do not have to be with others—this is very important. Because dealing with the world requires us to suppress ourselves, facing dislike or even danger. La Bruyère aptly said: all our misfortunes come from our inability to be alone.

Cicero even said: a person who can be completely self-sufficient and possesses unique talents cannot live an unhappy life. The more independent a person is, the less importance others have for them. This sense of self-sufficiency prevents many truly talented individuals from making significant sacrifices to socialize with others, let alone actively restrain themselves from participating in those activities.

A love for solitude is clearly not the most direct or primal impulse in human nature, but rather a secondary habit developed over time. It is a prominent feature of a noble spirit, requiring the overcoming of certain natural desires and sometimes necessitating a practical struggle against the temptations of the devil. The latter seeks to persuade us to abandon the "solitude" that is depressing and destructive to the mind in exchange for "companionship" and socialization. The devil argues that even the worst social activities provide a sense of human connection: such a painful life will abandon you, like a vulture pecking at your chest! The worst society will still reveal you; you are a figure among the masses. — Goethe, "Faust"

For intelligent people, the benefits of solitude are doubled. First, it allows them to be at peace; second, they do not have to be with others—this is very important. Because dealing with the world requires us to suppress ourselves, facing dislike or even danger. La Bruyère aptly said: all our misfortunes come from our inability to be alone.

Cicero even said: a person who can be completely self-sufficient and possesses unique talents cannot live an unhappy life. The more independent a person is, the less importance others have for them. This sense of self-sufficiency prevents many truly talented individuals from making significant sacrifices to socialize with others, let alone actively restrain themselves from participating in those activities.

A love for solitude is clearly not the most direct or primal impulse in human nature, but rather a secondary habit developed over time. It is a prominent feature of a noble spirit, requiring the overcoming of certain natural desires and sometimes necessitating a practical struggle against the temptations of the devil. The latter seeks to persuade us to abandon the "solitude" that is depressing and destructive to the mind in exchange for "companionship" and socialization. The devil argues that even the worst social activities provide a sense of human connection: such a painful life will abandon you, like a vulture pecking at your chest! The worst society will still reveal you; you are a figure among the masses. — Goethe, "Faust"

The Troubles of Seclusion#

Our temperament is the same; prolonged seclusion can make our temper very sensitive, even the smallest incidents, the most trivial words or gestures, can disturb and offend us—these little things are usually unnoticed by ordinary people.

Socializing and Age#

The commonality between people lies in the lowest, least noble aspects of their character, namely those mediocre, trivial, and vulgar parts. What joy can we gain from mingling with these mediocrities? Those people cannot elevate themselves to a higher level but instead pull everything down to their own low level. That is their goal; what more can we expect from them?

Enduring Loneliness#

One must cultivate the ability to maintain a sense of solitude while interacting with others. On one hand, learn how to remain oneself when with companions, not immediately expressing your thoughts; on the other hand, do not overanalyze the words of others, do not hold excessive expectations of others morally or intellectually, and strengthen your indifference to others' opinions, as this is the best way to practice the spirit of tolerance that everyone praises.

In this regard, society is like a fire—intelligent people warm themselves at a proper distance, unlike fools who get too close to the fire, and once burned, run away shivering and shouting that fire can burn. People become friendly and kind to others because they cannot endure solitude. They grow to dislike themselves, and their inner emptiness drives them to socialize and travel abroad.

Regarding these individuals, we can say they possess only a small part of the conditions necessary to be human. They need a considerable number of people to gather a substantial weight to feel qualified to be human. The excellent person does not represent a small part but refers to the whole; they themselves are complete.

One must cultivate the ability to maintain a sense of solitude while interacting with others. On one hand, learn how to remain oneself when with companions, not immediately expressing your thoughts; on the other hand, do not overanalyze the words of others, do not hold excessive expectations of others morally or intellectually, and strengthen your indifference to others' opinions, as this is the best way to practice the spirit of tolerance that everyone praises.

In this regard, society is like a fire—intelligent people warm themselves at a proper distance, unlike fools who get too close to the fire, and once burned, run away shivering and shouting that fire can burn. People become friendly and kind to others because they cannot endure solitude. They grow to dislike themselves, and their inner emptiness drives them to socialize and travel abroad.

Regarding these individuals, we can say they possess only a small part of the conditions necessary to be human. They need a considerable number of people to gather a substantial weight to feel qualified to be human. The excellent person does not represent a small part but refers to the whole; they themselves are complete.

Jealousy is Human Nature#

We should always remember: hatred born from jealousy is the hardest to eliminate. Therefore, we must always be cautious and act with moderation to avoid provoking others' jealousy. Just as with many other vices, it is best to completely renounce any comfort we might gain in this regard, as the consequences are severe.

Every noble person has a large group of envious people around them; if you are one of them, they will secretly harbor resentment against you unless restrained by fear. They will eagerly make you understand: you are no better than they are. Due to their eagerness to make you understand this, you can see they are clearly aware of their inferiority to you.

We should always remember: hatred born from jealousy is the hardest to eliminate. Therefore, we must always be cautious and act with moderation to avoid provoking others' jealousy. Just as with many other vices, it is best to completely renounce any comfort we might gain in this regard, as the consequences are severe.

Every noble person has a large group of envious people around them; if you are one of them, they will secretly harbor resentment against you unless restrained by fear. They will eagerly make you understand: you are no better than they are. Due to their eagerness to make you understand this, you can see they are clearly aware of their inferiority to you.

Imagination Cannot Judge#

However, once you have made up your mind and begun to act, you must stick to it—do not worry excessively about recalling what has been completed or reconsidering many possible dangers; let your mind completely detach from the issue, resisting the urge to think about it again, and remember that you made mature considerations at the appropriate time. The same advice is found in an Italian proverb, which Goethe translated as: "Saddle the horse and ride confidently."

Every day is a small life: each waking and rising is a small birth, each morning is a brief youth, and each rest and sleep is a small death.

However, once you have made up your mind and begun to act, you must stick to it—do not worry excessively about recalling what has been completed or reconsidering many possible dangers; let your mind completely detach from the issue, resisting the urge to think about it again, and remember that you made mature considerations at the appropriate time. The same advice is found in an Italian proverb, which Goethe translated as: "Saddle the horse and ride confidently."

Every day is a small life: each waking and rising is a small birth, each morning is a brief youth, and each rest and sleep is a small death.

Control Imagination#

Here, I suggest controlling your imagination while also refraining from recalling past misfortunes, such as injustices or harms we have suffered. The losses we have endured, the humiliations, contempt, and troubles we have experienced, are enough to create a dark picture; we should not depict it. If we do so, we will awaken those hateful emotions that have long been dormant—those anger and hatred that disturb and destroy our nature, bringing them into our real lives.

The Value of Loss#

Sometimes we should regard our possessions as potentially lost. Regardless of what it is—wealth, health, friends, spouses, children, or other loved ones—most of the time, we only begin to recognize their value when we lose them.

Organizing Thoughts#

We must organize our thoughts well, just like placing them in different small drawers, so we can open one drawer without affecting any others.

Self-Discipline#

We must limit our desires, suppress our cravings, and moderate our anger. Always remember that anything worth having, each person can only obtain an infinitesimal part. However, on the other hand, everyone will encounter many misfortunes in life. In short, we must "endure and endure again." If we cannot do this, no amount of wealth or power can spare us from pain, which is also what Horace meant in "Epistles" (Book 1, Epistle 18). He advises: be careful to examine and diligently explore how to best promote a peaceful life; lest we be tormented by futile desires, fears, or hopes for useless things.

Making a Difference#

The fact is, our nature is essentially "restless": idleness leads to immediate boredom, which is unbearable. This impulse to achieve should be regulated, introducing some order into it, which will increase our satisfaction.

Happiness is the Flower of Health#

What affects our happiness is not the objective nature or essence of things, but how they impact us and how we perceive them. This is what Epictetus said: "Things do not affect people; it is our thoughts about things that affect us."

Dual Life#

Their wisdom also has a dual nature to a considerable extent; one part is used to deal with daily affairs, which is related to desires that everyone faces; the other part is used to engage in pure and objective contemplation of human existence. On the stage of this world, most people play a small role and then exit. Great geniuses live a dual life, being both actors and spectators.

The Lasting Nature of Character#

The so-called happiness and hardships of life do not depend on our experiences but on how we respond to them, on how we perceive their nature and extent.

For the same reason, we find it easier to endure misfortunes that come entirely from external sources, while it is more challenging to cope with misfortunes we bring upon ourselves. Fortune always changes, but character does not. Therefore, subjective blessings—noble character, sharp mind, pleasant disposition, optimistic spirit, and sound body—are the most crucial factors constituting happiness. Thus, compared to acquiring external wealth and honors, we should pay more attention to enhancing and maintaining our physical and mental health.

The so-called happiness and hardships of life do not depend on our experiences but on how we respond to them, on how we perceive their nature and extent.

For the same reason, we find it easier to endure misfortunes that come entirely from external sources, while it is more challenging to cope with misfortunes we bring upon ourselves. Fortune always changes, but character does not. Therefore, subjective blessings—noble character, sharp mind, pleasant disposition, optimistic spirit, and sound body—are the most crucial factors constituting happiness. Thus, compared to acquiring external wealth and honors, we should pay more attention to enhancing and maintaining our physical and mental health.

Joy is directly and immediately obtained; it is like the cash of "happiness," unlike other blessings that are merely checks. Only it can make us happy at this moment; our existence occupies an infinitely short instant between two eternities. Seizing and promoting such joy should be our highest goal in pursuing happiness.

Beauty is also partially related to happiness. Those born beautiful can be said to have all the advantages, although it cannot directly promote our happiness. Beauty promotes happiness indirectly because it is pleasing. It brings many benefits, even for men. Being beautiful is an open letter of recommendation, making people immediately like the bearer of the letter.

Joy is directly and immediately obtained; it is like the cash of "happiness," unlike other blessings that are merely checks. Only it can make us happy at this moment; our existence occupies an infinitely short instant between two eternities. Seizing and promoting such joy should be our highest goal in pursuing happiness.

Beauty is also partially related to happiness. Those born beautiful can be said to have all the advantages, although it cannot directly promote our happiness. Beauty promotes happiness indirectly because it is pleasing. It brings many benefits, even for men. Being beautiful is an open letter of recommendation, making people immediately like the bearer of the letter.

Illusions#

We should never be manipulated by momentary impressions, nor should we be swayed by the appearances of things; these impressions and appearances have a power over us that far exceeds the simple effects of thoughts or series of concepts.

Geniuses are Melancholic#

Sacrificing the "inner self" for the "outer self," that is, giving up all or part of one's peace and autonomy for glory, position, pomp, titles, and honors, is a great folly.

Happiness Comes from Within#

What we can obtain from the external world is very limited. The external world is full of sorrow and pain; if we leave, those troubles are waiting for us everywhere. Moreover, evil generally prevails, and the clamor of foolishness is the loudest. Fate is cruel, and humanity is pitiful.

Every pleasure must first involve some activity, that is, the use of certain abilities. Without these, pleasure cannot exist.

What we can obtain from the external world is very limited. The external world is full of sorrow and pain; if we leave, those troubles are waiting for us everywhere. Moreover, evil generally prevails, and the clamor of foolishness is the loudest. Fate is cruel, and humanity is pitiful.

Every pleasure must first involve some activity, that is, the use of certain abilities. Without these, pleasure cannot exist.

Two Lives#

Voltaire said well: "Without true needs, there can be no true pleasure." Nature, art, and literature possess different beauties; the reason why some people appreciate these pleasures while others do not is that the former have these needs. Offering these pleasures to those who have no such needs and will not appreciate them is like expecting an old man to indulge in a passionate romance. Those with these talents live in two lives: one is their own life, and the other is the life of wisdom. Moreover, the latter life will gradually be regarded as the real life, while the former is merely a means to lead to the life of wisdom. Others view this shallow, empty, and difficult life as the purpose of life.

Pleasure always involves how we utilize our abilities, and "happiness" lies in the repetition of "pleasure." In this regard, the pleasure brought by sensibility undoubtedly exceeds the other two basic categories. The other two categories also exist in animals, even more prominently. What distinguishes us from other animals is this unique sensibility. Our intellect encompasses various forms of sensibility, and abundant sensibility allows us to enjoy mental pleasures, known as "intellectual pleasures." The more abundant the sensibility, the greater the pleasure.

Voltaire said well: "Without true needs, there can be no true pleasure." Nature, art, and literature possess different beauties; the reason why some people appreciate these pleasures while others do not is that the former have these needs. Offering these pleasures to those who have no such needs and will not appreciate them is like expecting an old man to indulge in a passionate romance. Those with these talents live in two lives: one is their own life, and the other is the life of wisdom. Moreover, the latter life will gradually be regarded as the real life, while the former is merely a means to lead to the life of wisdom. Others view this shallow, empty, and difficult life as the purpose of life.

Pleasure always involves how we utilize our abilities, and "happiness" lies in the repetition of "pleasure." In this regard, the pleasure brought by sensibility undoubtedly exceeds the other two basic categories. The other two categories also exist in animals, even more prominently. What distinguishes us from other animals is this unique sensibility. Our intellect encompasses various forms of sensibility, and abundant sensibility allows us to enjoy mental pleasures, known as "intellectual pleasures." The more abundant the sensibility, the greater the pleasure.

The Wealth of the Mind#

Young people should be trained early to be able to be alone, for solitude is a source of happiness and peace of mind.

The inner wealth of the mind is true wealth. Everything else may be more harmful than beneficial. — "Proverbs," Chapter 12

Young people should be trained early to be able to be alone, for solitude is a source of happiness and peace of mind.

The inner wealth of the mind is true wealth. Everything else may be more harmful than beneficial. — "Proverbs," Chapter 12

What is Sought and What is Gained#

Poverty clings to people's lives like a plague; wealth can free people from this chronic affliction, liberating them from the forced labor of natural fate.

How Others See Us#

When we see people striving for certain things, going through great pains and risks, it is merely to gain others' admiration. When we see that not only the pursuit of positions, titles, and medals but also the acquisition of wealth, knowledge, and artistic cultivation is all aimed at winning greater respect from others—aren't these undeniable proofs that human folly has reached a tragic extent?

Those who crave praise can easily become depressed or overly enthusiastic over trivial matters. — Horace, "Epistles"

When we see people striving for certain things, going through great pains and risks, it is merely to gain others' admiration. When we see that not only the pursuit of positions, titles, and medals but also the acquisition of wealth, knowledge, and artistic cultivation is all aimed at winning greater respect from others—aren't these undeniable proofs that human folly has reached a tragic extent?

Those who crave praise can easily become depressed or overly enthusiastic over trivial matters. — Horace, "Epistles"

Vanity#

We should clarify that honor itself has no real direct value; all it has is indirect value. If we can largely rid ourselves of this widespread ignorance, the result will enhance our peace of mind and joy, a situation we cannot currently imagine. People will face the world more firmly and confidently, and overall, their attitudes will not be so shy and restrained.

The World's Fools#

Those who are qualified to be proud should be proud.

In any case, character is far more important than nationality or ethnicity. As individuals, character is especially worth considering. Nationality involves millions of people; you cannot praise others while remaining honest. Nationality is merely another name for the narrowness, rebellion, and vile character of humanity expressed in various countries. If we dislike a certain nationality and praise another, we will soon feel the same aversion to that nationality. Every nation mocks others, and everyone's mockery is justified.

Those who are qualified to be proud should be proud.

In any case, character is far more important than nationality or ethnicity. As individuals, character is especially worth considering. Nationality involves millions of people; you cannot praise others while remaining honest. Nationality is merely another name for the narrowness, rebellion, and vile character of humanity expressed in various countries. If we dislike a certain nationality and praise another, we will soon feel the same aversion to that nationality. Every nation mocks others, and everyone's mockery is justified.

The Definition of Honor#

Honor has both objective and subjective aspects; the objective aspect of honor is others' opinions of our value, while the subjective aspect of honor is our respect for others' opinions.

The general view of women's honor is that it is purity in youth and chastity after marriage. The importance of this view is based on the consideration that women depend on men in many ways, while men only need to rely on one thing. Thus, an arrangement of mutual dependence is established—men bear all the needs of women and the children born thereafter, which is an arrangement made for the welfare of all women. To implement this plan, women must unite, demonstrating collective spirit, and form a united front against a common enemy—the men. The latter, with their superior physical strength and intelligence, possess all the beautiful things in the world, and women must do their utmost to surround and conquer men to achieve both human and financial gains.

Honor has both objective and subjective aspects; the objective aspect of honor is others' opinions of our value, while the subjective aspect of honor is our respect for others' opinions.

The general view of women's honor is that it is purity in youth and chastity after marriage. The importance of this view is based on the consideration that women depend on men in many ways, while men only need to rely on one thing. Thus, an arrangement of mutual dependence is established—men bear all the needs of women and the children born thereafter, which is an arrangement made for the welfare of all women. To implement this plan, women must unite, demonstrating collective spirit, and form a united front against a common enemy—the men. The latter, with their superior physical strength and intelligence, possess all the beautiful things in the world, and women must do their utmost to surround and conquer men to achieve both human and financial gains.

Enduring Insults#

Seneca said well: "The more contemptible and ridiculous a person is, the more they like to speak ill of others." The targets of their insults are usually those noble individuals mentioned earlier, as people of different ranks cannot become friends; the vile often harbor secret resentment when they see the virtues of others. Thus, Goethe said: why be dissatisfied with enemies? Our nature always secretly makes them feel ashamed; can they still hope to become our friends? — Goethe, "West-Eastern Divan"

Cicero said: "The pain left by insults and slander is difficult to endure, even for the most reasonable person."

Truly appreciating one's own value will make us indifferent to the insults of others. However, if we cannot help but hate the insults of others, a little worldly wisdom and education will help us hide our anger and maintain our dignity. As long as we can eliminate the superstition regarding honor (believing that when one is insulted, their honor disappears, and only by retaliating can honor be restored), insults and denigrations will feel like a fight where the loser claims victory. This will be like Vincenao Monti said: "To insult someone" is like a church procession; it will always return to the starting point. If people can view insults this way, we need not respond with coarse language to prove we are not in the wrong.

Seneca said well: "The more contemptible and ridiculous a person is, the more they like to speak ill of others." The targets of their insults are usually those noble individuals mentioned earlier, as people of different ranks cannot become friends; the vile often harbor secret resentment when they see the virtues of others. Thus, Goethe said: why be dissatisfied with enemies? Our nature always secretly makes them feel ashamed; can they still hope to become our friends? — Goethe, "West-Eastern Divan"

Cicero said: "The pain left by insults and slander is difficult to endure, even for the most reasonable person."

Truly appreciating one's own value will make us indifferent to the insults of others. However, if we cannot help but hate the insults of others, a little worldly wisdom and education will help us hide our anger and maintain our dignity. As long as we can eliminate the superstition regarding honor (believing that when one is insulted, their honor disappears, and only by retaliating can honor be restored), insults and denigrations will feel like a fight where the loser claims victory. This will be like Vincenao Monti said: "To insult someone" is like a church procession; it will always return to the starting point. If people can view insults this way, we need not respond with coarse language to prove we are not in the wrong.

Reputation is Accidental#

What we should value is the essence that can earn reputation, not the reputation itself.

Reputation and Fortune#

Some people feel they possess good understanding and correct judgment but are not the most talented; in this case, they should not fear hard work. Diligent researchers can easily stand out and reach the tranquil areas that can only be accessed through hard study. In this field, there are very few competitors; a person of moderate talent can soon find theories that are both novel and consistent with the data. Understanding the subject they study involves only a few scholars in the same field; their applause, when it reaches the distant public, is already very faint. But if they follow this path, in the end, the materials they possess will be sufficient to establish a reputation without needing to construct any theories—because they are difficult to obtain and understand. This is akin to a person traveling to a distant and unknown country; their experiences can make them famous, while their thoughts become useless.

Reputation Does Not Bring Happiness#

Reputation cannot make a person happy; what makes them happy are the excellent qualities that can bring them reputation, to be more precise, the excellent qualities that people rely on in terms of virtue or intelligence. A person's best nature must be the most important to them; as for how others view them, the reflection of their personal nature has little impact on them. The ability to gain reputation while not having it is an important factor in bringing happiness and should be a secondary factor to comfort oneself for not obtaining reputation.

The happiness of great individuals does not lie in being remembered by future generations, but in the thoughts they create being cherished and studied by others over a long period.

The work completed with all one's effort in youth should remain vibrant even in old age, which should be the greatest comfort in life.

Reputation cannot make a person happy; what makes them happy are the excellent qualities that can bring them reputation, to be more precise, the excellent qualities that people rely on in terms of virtue or intelligence. A person's best nature must be the most important to them; as for how others view them, the reflection of their personal nature has little impact on them. The ability to gain reputation while not having it is an important factor in bringing happiness and should be a secondary factor to comfort oneself for not obtaining reputation.

The happiness of great individuals does not lie in being remembered by future generations, but in the thoughts they create being cherished and studied by others over a long period.

The work completed with all one's effort in youth should remain vibrant even in old age, which should be the greatest comfort in life.

The Appreciators of Failure#

When we praise others, we belittle ourselves.

If I have to wait for others' permission to be born, I would still not exist. You may know how they ignore me, how they show off, and how they display their goods.

Odorous de Gloria particularly emphasizes this saying: "Reputation eludes those who pursue it, yet seeks those who evade it." This is indeed a profound truth. It is only because the former group conforms to the tastes of contemporary people that the latter group dares to resist.

When we praise others, we belittle ourselves.

If I have to wait for others' permission to be born, I would still not exist. You may know how they ignore me, how they show off, and how they display their goods.

Odorous de Gloria particularly emphasizes this saying: "Reputation eludes those who pursue it, yet seeks those who evade it." This is indeed a profound truth. It is only because the former group conforms to the tastes of contemporary people that the latter group dares to resist.

Reputation is Just a Treat for Vanity#

If the value of our existence depends on others' evaluations, our lives are pitiful. However, if we regard the value of existence as reputation, as the approval of the world, then the lives of heroes or geniuses are like this.

From the perspective of human happiness, reputation is merely a precious treat that satisfies the appetite of pride and vanity. This appetite, no matter how carefully concealed, is extremely strong in everyone, especially those determined to become famous at any cost. Those who strive for fame often go through a period of uncertainty regarding their own value, needing opportunities to validate themselves and show others what they are made of. Until then, they will always feel they have suffered injustice in the world.

In the journey of life, if we are willing and able to do two things: look ahead and tolerate differences, we will benefit greatly. The former prevents us from suffering losses and harm, while the latter allows us to avoid arguments and quarrels.

If the value of our existence depends on others' evaluations, our lives are pitiful. However, if we regard the value of existence as reputation, as the approval of the world, then the lives of heroes or geniuses are like this.

From the perspective of human happiness, reputation is merely a precious treat that satisfies the appetite of pride and vanity. This appetite, no matter how carefully concealed, is extremely strong in everyone, especially those determined to become famous at any cost. Those who strive for fame often go through a period of uncertainty regarding their own value, needing opportunities to validate themselves and show others what they are made of. Until then, they will always feel they have suffered injustice in the world.

In the journey of life, if we are willing and able to do two things: look ahead and tolerate differences, we will benefit greatly. The former prevents us from suffering losses and harm, while the latter allows us to avoid arguments and quarrels.

There Will Always Be Fools and Villains in the World#

If we are to live with people, we must allow everyone the right to exist according to their own character, regardless of what that character may be. What we should strive for is to make good use of their character in ways permitted by their nature, rather than hoping for a change in their personality or directly criticizing their faults. This is the true meaning of the saying "Live and let live." However, while this saying contains profound truth, it is difficult to achieve. A person who can avoid dealing with certain individuals is indeed very fortunate and happy.

Do Not Be Angry with Stones#

For many people, the wisest thought we can offer is: "I do not want to change them; I want to make good use of them."

No One Can See Above Their Own Height#

"No one can see above their own height." Let me explain this saying: what you can see among others is limited to what you possess. The height of your wisdom strictly determines the extent of your understanding of others. If our wisdom is low, the wisdom of others, even the highest kind, will have no effect on us. We can see nothing but the most despicable side of their character— in other words, we can only see the parts of their personality and character that contain flaws. Our entire assessment of them is limited to their shortcomings; their superior intelligence does not exist for us, just as colors do not exist for the blind.

Considering that most people are so worldly, lowly, and mediocre, we must temporarily become mediocre ourselves, or we cannot communicate with them. You will fully appreciate the truth and appropriateness of the following saying: to be a person requires us to compromise ourselves; for some people, the only point of contact with you is the part of your character that you dislike the most. Avoiding interaction with them can make you happy. The only way to deal with fools, the only way to reveal your intelligence, is to avoid associating with them; you will soon understand this. This means that in our interactions with others, we sometimes feel like a skilled dancer invited to a ball, only to find that everyone present is lame; who can we dance with?

"No one can see above their own height." Let me explain this saying: what you can see among others is limited to what you possess. The height of your wisdom strictly determines the extent of your understanding of others. If our wisdom is low, the wisdom of others, even the highest kind, will have no effect on us. We can see nothing but the most despicable side of their character— in other words, we can only see the parts of their personality and character that contain flaws. Our entire assessment of them is limited to their shortcomings; their superior intelligence does not exist for us, just as colors do not exist for the blind.

Considering that most people are so worldly, lowly, and mediocre, we must temporarily become mediocre ourselves, or we cannot communicate with them. You will fully appreciate the truth and appropriateness of the following saying: to be a person requires us to compromise ourselves; for some people, the only point of contact with you is the part of your character that you dislike the most. Avoiding interaction with them can make you happy. The only way to deal with fools, the only way to reveal your intelligence, is to avoid associating with them; you will soon understand this. This means that in our interactions with others, we sometimes feel like a skilled dancer invited to a ball, only to find that everyone present is lame; who can we dance with?

Appropriate Contempt#

We can easily alienate friends with a bit of arrogance and carelessness; however, if we are very kind and courteous to others, they often become arrogant, making it unbearable, ultimately leading to a breakup.

Stay Away from Vile People#

To gain an advantage in dealing with people, the only method is to let the other party see that we do not depend on them.

People Do Not Forget Themselves#

People can forget anything, without exception, but they will not forget themselves and their character. Character cannot be changed. All human actions stem from inner principles, and thus, in similar situations, they will always do the same thing without change.

Interacting with Others#

However, if in real life or works, you encounter any particularly vile or foolish temperament, you must be careful not to let this situation annoy or sadden you; just regard it as material that increases your knowledge, a new fact to consider when studying human nature. Our attitude towards these vile and foolish behaviors should be no different from a mineralogist accidentally discovering a particularly unique mineral specimen. Understanding a behavioral rule for interacting with people, or even discovering this rule and accurately writing it down, is easy; however, it soon becomes apparent that implementing this rule requires concepts and guidelines to constrain it, making it less effective than simply living as one wishes. Here, like all discussions that seek practical effects, the first step is to understand the rules, and the second is to learn how to put them into practice. Those dedicated to reasoning may quickly grasp the theory, but to achieve it requires time. No one has sufficient conditions to develop independently and act entirely according to their own way. Everyone needs guidance from pre-conceived plans and must follow certain general rules. However, if someone excessively adheres to rules, striving to cultivate a character that does not align with their nature, this character is merely acquired through artificial effort and relies entirely on reasoning to progress; they will soon discover that Horace's words can confirm: driving away nature with a stick, it will still return. — "Epistles," Book 1

Expression and Concealment#

Gracian said well: "To be liked by others, we must display the simplest behaviors that resemble animals." A person who shows intelligence and shrewdness can make themselves popular in society—if you think this way, you are certainly inexperienced. For most people, the possession of these virtues in others only arouses hatred and resentment, and because they need to conceal the true reasons for their anger (even from themselves), it becomes even more unbearable. If a person truly possesses intelligence, they will not think they need to flaunt it; they know their solid foundation and are quite satisfied. A Spanish proverb fits here: the clattering iron hoof is missing a nail. Of course, I have said before that no one should completely loosen the reins and reveal their true self. Because there are many evil and violent sides in our nature that need to be hidden.

True Friendship#

True friendship must fundamentally possess a strong sympathy for another's fortune, and the nature of this sympathy is completely transcendent, without conflicts of interest. This means absolute identification of the self with the friend. The self-centeredness of human nature is strongly opposed to such sympathy. True friendship belongs to the realm of the mythical; no one knows whether it is absurd or whether it truly existed somewhere.

Testing Friendship#

Indeed, at that moment, you will find that it is not so easy for so-called friends to suppress a hint of joy on their faces. To make people happy, the best way is to tell them you are currently troubled or to openly share your personal weaknesses. How revealing this is about human nature!

The Fate of Intelligence#

The wise do not wish to associate with fools, and fools dislike meeting wise individuals a hundredfold.

Trust and Doubt#

We trust others largely out of our own pure laziness, selfishness, and vanity. I say laziness because we do not inquire into the facts, do not act with active caution, and prefer to trust others; selfishness because under the pressure of events, we seek someone to confide our inner frustrations; and vanity because asking others to keep secrets is something we take pride in. Nevertheless, we expect others to be loyal to the trust we place in them. If others do not trust us, we should not be angry, for that means they sincerely praise "loyalty," believing it to be scarce—its scarcity makes us doubt whether "loyalty" exists at all.

Politeness is Just a Smiling Mask#

Being polite is not an easy task because politeness requires us to respect everyone, while most people do not deserve respect at all. Politeness emphasizes kindness and concern for others, while secretly wishing to avoid further interaction with them. Combining self-respect with politeness is a masterpiece of wisdom.

Do Not Fantasize About Teaching the World#

Never argue against anyone's views, for all the absurd things they believe, even if you live as long as Peng Zu, you cannot correct them one by one. People may speak incorrectly, and you should avoid correcting them, regardless of how pure your motives are. Because this easily offends people, and changing others, even if possible, is extremely difficult. If you inadvertently hear others speaking absurdly and feel angry, you should imagine you are listening to two clowns in a comedy. This method is tried and true.

If you notice someone trying to hide something from you but not succeeding very well, pretend you do not believe them. Your opposition will stimulate them to reveal the truth and speak honestly to counter your doubts.

Never argue against anyone's views, for all the absurd things they believe, even if you live as long as Peng Zu, you cannot correct them one by one. People may speak incorrectly, and you should avoid correcting them, regardless of how pure your motives are. Because this easily offends people, and changing others, even if possible, is extremely difficult. If you inadvertently hear others speaking absurdly and feel angry, you should imagine you are listening to two clowns in a comedy. This method is tried and true.

If you notice someone trying to hide something from you but not succeeding very well, pretend you do not believe them. Your opposition will stimulate them to reveal the truth and speak honestly to counter your doubts.

Wisdom in the World#

We should treat all private matters as secrets, even if you share a close bond with your acquaintances. You should regard them as complete strangers and tell them nothing beyond what they can discern themselves. Because after a period, circumstances may change, and you may find that even the most trivial things they know can be detrimental to you.

Do not share anything with enemies, nor with your friends. If I keep a "secret," it remains under my control; if it leaks, I am imprisoned. The tree of silence bears the fruit of peace.

If possible, do not harbor malice towards anyone, but carefully observe and remember the behaviors of others so that you can assess their value (at least for yourself) and determine your attitude towards them. Never forget: a person's character cannot be changed; forgetting others' bad traits is like throwing away hard-earned money. By doing this, you can protect yourself from the foolishness of intimacy and the disastrous consequences of indiscriminate friendships.

"Do not easily love, nor easily hate" is half of the wisdom in dealing with the world; "Do not easily speak, nor easily trust others' words" is the other half.

We should treat all private matters as secrets, even if you share a close bond with your acquaintances. You should regard them as complete strangers and tell them nothing beyond what they can discern themselves. Because after a period, circumstances may change, and you may find that even the most trivial things they know can be detrimental to you.

Do not share anything with enemies, nor with your friends. If I keep a "secret," it remains under my control; if it leaks, I am imprisoned. The tree of silence bears the fruit of peace.

If possible, do not harbor malice towards anyone, but carefully observe and remember the behaviors of others so that you can assess their value (at least for yourself) and determine your attitude towards them. Never forget: a person's character cannot be changed; forgetting others' bad traits is like throwing away hard-earned money. By doing this, you can protect yourself from the foolishness of intimacy and the disastrous consequences of indiscriminate friendships.

"Do not easily love, nor easily hate" is half of the wisdom in dealing with the world; "Do not easily speak, nor easily trust others' words" is the other half.

We Cannot Truly Own Anything#

The so-called happiness and joy are merely mirages; they can be seen from a distance but disappear upon approach. On the other hand, torment and pain are undeniable realities, their reality leaves no room for delusions or false hopes.

Fortune#

The course of our lives is never entirely self-created; it is the product of two factors—a series of events that occur and the decisions we make regarding each event, both of which often interact in our view. This may be due to our plans not being far-sighted enough, or perhaps we do not yet have the ability to predict future events: what we know is strictly limited to current plans and current events. Therefore, once we deviate from our goals, we cannot steer back towards them. We should be satisfied if we can be generally correct. In the direction we have determined to go, we often need to proceed in a winding manner.

Wealth is Like Sea Water#

Those who have experienced poverty are less afraid of it, and thus, compared to those born into wealthy families who have no personal experience of hardship, they are more prone to extravagance. Those who have enjoyed good circumstances from a young age are generally more cautious about the future than those who suddenly become wealthy. This seems to suggest that poverty is not so terrifying in the long run.

Life is Like a Game of Cards#

Terence said: "Life is like a game of dice; if the numbers that appear are not what you want, you can still think of ways to make good use of them."

Intuition#

At crucial moments in life, when we decide on important steps, our actions are not guided by rational knowledge but by an impulse that comes from within, which can almost be called intuition.

"Precognition" gives our lives a certain magical stability and consistency that we cannot achieve when our minds are unsettled while awake. In a state of perception, we are prone to errors or misdirection. It is this precognition that makes people feel they will achieve great success in a particular field. From youth, there is a mysterious feeling in their hearts, which is their true path. Striving in that direction is like a similar intuition guiding a bee to build its hive. Gracian refers to this impulse as "the great talent of self-preservation." We intuitively believe it can save us; without it, we would be lost.

In fact, it is the sum or result of all our thoughts, feelings, and wills. We are usually unaware of the abstract forms of these inner principles; only when we reflect on the paths we have taken in life do we realize we have always been guided by them, as if they form an invisible thread we have unconsciously followed.

At crucial moments in life, when we decide on important steps, our actions are not guided by rational knowledge but by an impulse that comes from within, which can almost be called intuition.

"Precognition" gives our lives a certain magical stability and consistency that we cannot achieve when our minds are unsettled while awake. In a state of perception, we are prone to errors or misdirection. It is this precognition that makes people feel they will achieve great success in a particular field. From youth, there is a mysterious feeling in their hearts, which is their true path. Striving in that direction is like a similar intuition guiding a bee to build its hive. Gracian refers to this impulse as "the great talent of self-preservation." We intuitively believe it can save us; without it, we would be lost.

In fact, it is the sum or result of all our thoughts, feelings, and wills. We are usually unaware of the abstract forms of these inner principles; only when we reflect on the paths we have taken in life do we realize we have always been guided by them, as if they form an invisible thread we have unconsciously followed.

All Things are Fleeting#

Time brings about great changes; in essence, all things are fleeting—this credible statement should be remembered forever. Therefore, regardless of your circumstances, you should make contrary assumptions about yourself: in good times, think of misfortune; in harmony, think of hostility; in fair weather, think of dark clouds; in love, think of hate; in moments of trust, imagine others' treachery, regretting your trust in them. Similarly, in adversity, maintain the lightness of all joyful moments—this is indeed an inexhaustible resource of worldly wisdom! Thus, we should reflect more to avoid being easily deceived. Because, generally speaking, we should anticipate the changes that come with age.

People only know the consequences; they believe those consequences are based on an assumption: that the reasons unknown to them are sufficient to lead to consequences and can also maintain the status quo of those consequences. This is a very common error.

Time brings about great changes; in essence, all things are fleeting—this credible statement should be remembered forever. Therefore, regardless of your circumstances, you should make contrary assumptions about yourself: in good times, think of misfortune; in harmony, think of hostility; in fair weather, think of dark clouds; in love, think of hate; in moments of trust, imagine others' treachery, regretting your trust in them. Similarly, in adversity, maintain the lightness of all joyful moments—this is indeed an inexhaustible resource of worldly wisdom! Thus, we should reflect more to avoid being easily deceived. Because, generally speaking, we should anticipate the changes that come with age.

People only know the consequences; they believe those consequences are based on an assumption: that the reasons unknown to them are sufficient to lead to consequences and can also maintain the status quo of those consequences. This is a very common error.

Time is the Most Ruthless Exploiter#

This is the exploitation of time; those who cannot wait are its victims. Attempting to change the pace of time is the most wasteful act. Thus, we must be cautious not to owe time any debts.

This is the

"Positive Thinking of a Pessimist" Reading Notes

"The Positive Thinking of a Pessimist" Reading Notes#

1 General Discussion on Life#

3 The Way of Dealing with People#

4 Fate and the World#

The Blessings of Life#

Life is a Journey#

Know Thyself#

Happiness is but a Dream, Sadness is Reality#

Self and the External#

Two Types of Misfortune#

Moderate Balance#

Enjoy the Moment#

Techniques for Gaining Happiness#

Self-Reflection#

Getting Along with Oneself#

The Ideal Society#

False Excellence#

Another Type of Misfortune#

Either Be Alone or Be Mediocre#

Great Minds are Destined to be Lonely#

The Benefits of Solitude#

The Troubles of Seclusion#

Socializing and Age#

Enduring Loneliness#

Jealousy is Human Nature#

Imagination Cannot Judge#

Control Imagination#

The Value of Loss#

Organizing Thoughts#

Self-Discipline#

Making a Difference#

Happiness is the Flower of Health#

Dual Life#

The Lasting Nature of Character#

Related to Happiness#

Illusions#

Geniuses are Melancholic#

Happiness Comes from Within#

Two Lives#

The Wealth of the Mind#

What is Sought and What is Gained#

How Others See Us#

Vanity#

The World's Fools#

The Definition of Honor#

Enduring Insults#

Reputation is Accidental#

Reputation and Fortune#

Reputation Does Not Bring Happiness#

The Appreciators of Failure#

Reputation is Just a Treat for Vanity#

There Will Always Be Fools and Villains in the World#

Do Not Be Angry with Stones#

No One Can See Above Their Own Height#

Appropriate Contempt#

Stay Away from Vile People#

People Do Not Forget Themselves#

Interacting with Others#

Expression and Concealment#

True Friendship#

Testing Friendship#

The Fate of Intelligence#

Trust and Doubt#

Politeness is Just a Smiling Mask#

Do Not Fantasize About Teaching the World#

Wisdom in the World#

We Cannot Truly Own Anything#

Fortune#

Wealth is Like Sea Water#

Life is Like a Game of Cards#

Intuition#

All Things are Fleeting#

Time is the Most Ruthless Exploiter#