《How AI Will Revolutionize Education (and Why That's a Good Thing)》读书笔记#
作者: Salman Khan
阅读时长: 3 小时
这是我在微信读书中阅读《How AI Will Revolutionize Education (and Why That's a Good Thing)》时记录的笔记和摘录。
导语：让我们一起谱写新故事 - Introduction: Let’s Write a New Story Together#
You can’t cross the sea merely by standing and staring at the water. 你不能仅仅站着盯着水过海。 —Rabindranath Tagore—— 拉宾德拉纳特・泰戈尔
As for teachers, was this going to be a boon, or was this going to undermine their ability to teach students? At no point did I think that AI was going to put teachers out of work, and in the best-case scenario it was going to accelerate their ability to teach their students, but I also worried it might undermine that ability in critical ways too.
You can’t cross the sea merely by standing and staring at the water. 你不能仅仅站着盯着水过海。 —Rabindranath Tagore—— 拉宾德拉纳特・泰戈尔
As for teachers, was this going to be a boon, or was this going to undermine their ability to teach students? At no point did I think that AI was going to put teachers out of work, and in the best-case scenario it was going to accelerate their ability to teach their students, but I also worried it might undermine that ability in critical ways too.
第一部分：AI 导师的崛起 - Part I: Rise of the AI Tutor#
In your Primer you have a resource that will make you highly educated, but it will never make you intelligent. That comes from life. Your life up to this point has given you all the experience you need to be intelligent, but you have to think about those experiences. If you don’t think about them, you’ll be psychologically unwell. If you do think about them, you will become not merely educated but intelligent.
In your Primer you have a resource that will make you highly educated, but it will never make you intelligent. That comes from life. Your life up to this point has given you all the experience you need to be intelligent, but you have to think about those experiences. If you don’t think about them, you’ll be psychologically unwell. If you do think about them, you will become not merely educated but intelligent.
扔掉瓶子 - Throwing Away the Bottle#
The meme circulating on the internet that reads “You won’t be replaced by an AI, but you might be replaced by someone using AI” has some real truth to it.
Those who can steer AI to partner with them, and know what great writing entails, will be those who get the best output from the technology. Those who feed their curiosity will be the most likely to see around corners in the marketplace. Those who can brainstorm with the AI and their colleagues will appear more creative than those who don’t use AI or those who completely outsource their work to it.
The meme circulating on the internet that reads “You won’t be replaced by an AI, but you might be replaced by someone using AI” has some real truth to it.
Those who can steer AI to partner with them, and know what great writing entails, will be those who get the best output from the technology. Those who feed their curiosity will be the most likely to see around corners in the marketplace. Those who can brainstorm with the AI and their colleagues will appear more creative than those who don’t use AI or those who completely outsource their work to it.
第二部分：为社会科学发声 - Part II: Giving Voice to the Social Sciences#
Art is a collaboration between God and the artist, and the less the artist does the better. 艺术是上帝和艺术家之间的合作，艺术家做得越少越好。 —André Gide—— 安德烈・纪德
Art is a collaboration between God and the artist, and the less the artist does the better. 艺术是上帝和艺术家之间的合作，艺术家做得越少越好。 —André Gide—— 安德烈・纪德
人工智能与创造力 - AI and Creativity#
I agree and disagree with him. Artificial intelligence is not human, no matter how much it approximates being human. Regardless of how well it conveys intelligence, personality, and creativity, it is not a sentient, perceiving being.
The best ideas will come not from the AI creating for us but when the AI is creating and riffing with us.
I believe the goal of humanity is to enjoy the creating, the learning, and the perfecting.
This seems possible when you consider that creativity is likely a combination of one’s exposure to large, disparate amounts of experiences and content, coupled with opportunity to express and improve on that creativity. Mozart, Einstein, and da Vinci weren’t just innately gifted. They had access to opportunities and resources that the bulk of humanity didn’t have access to. Technology has generally lowered the cost of access to world-class tools and learning. Our mission of free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere would have seemed delusional without computers and the internet. AI is going to be the next technological wave that empowers future creatives in art and science. The AI, along with feeding us information on nearly any topic, becomes a companion in art, aiding in this practice. Not only does it allow students to produce more polished, finished works, but it can model the creative process with them. It can riff with students and ignite their curiosity, spark their imagination, and invite them to explore the wonders of knowledge. When I think about the most creative times in my own life, it was when I was surrounded by creative friends. This AI becomes one extra friend who can be creative, not just in music, the arts, engineering, or math, but in all dimensions.
I agree and disagree with him. Artificial intelligence is not human, no matter how much it approximates being human. Regardless of how well it conveys intelligence, personality, and creativity, it is not a sentient, perceiving being.
The best ideas will come not from the AI creating for us but when the AI is creating and riffing with us.
I believe the goal of humanity is to enjoy the creating, the learning, and the perfecting.
This seems possible when you consider that creativity is likely a combination of one’s exposure to large, disparate amounts of experiences and content, coupled with opportunity to express and improve on that creativity. Mozart, Einstein, and da Vinci weren’t just innately gifted. They had access to opportunities and resources that the bulk of humanity didn’t have access to. Technology has generally lowered the cost of access to world-class tools and learning. Our mission of free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere would have seemed delusional without computers and the internet. AI is going to be the next technological wave that empowers future creatives in art and science. The AI, along with feeding us information on nearly any topic, becomes a companion in art, aiding in this practice. Not only does it allow students to produce more polished, finished works, but it can model the creative process with them. It can riff with students and ignite their curiosity, spark their imagination, and invite them to explore the wonders of knowledge. When I think about the most creative times in my own life, it was when I was surrounded by creative friends. This AI becomes one extra friend who can be creative, not just in music, the arts, engineering, or math, but in all dimensions.
第三部分：赋能下一代创新者 - Part III: Empowering the Next Innovators#
What is a scientist after all? It is a curious man looking through a keyhole, the keyhole of nature, trying to know what’s going on. 科学家到底是什么？这是一个好奇的人，通过一个钥匙孔，大自然的钥匙孔，试图知道发生了什么。 —Jacques-Yves Cousteau—— 雅克 - 伊夫・库斯托
If an elderly but distinguished scientist says that something is possible, he is almost certainly right; but if he says that it is impossible, he is very probably wrong. 如果一位年长但杰出的科学家说某事是可能的，他几乎可以肯定是对的；但如果他说这是不可能的，他很可能是错的。 —Arthur C. Clarke—— 亚瑟・克拉克（Arthur C. Clarke）
What is a scientist after all? It is a curious man looking through a keyhole, the keyhole of nature, trying to know what’s going on. 科学家到底是什么？这是一个好奇的人，通过一个钥匙孔，大自然的钥匙孔，试图知道发生了什么。 —Jacques-Yves Cousteau—— 雅克 - 伊夫・库斯托
If an elderly but distinguished scientist says that something is possible, he is almost certainly right; but if he says that it is impossible, he is very probably wrong. 如果一位年长但杰出的科学家说某事是可能的，他几乎可以肯定是对的；但如果他说这是不可能的，他很可能是错的。 —Arthur C. Clarke—— 亚瑟・克拉克（Arthur C. Clarke）
访问学生原本不会访问的课程 - Accessing Courses That Students Otherwise Would Not#
So if you want to make a system that can actually hope to teach a student an entire subject, a generative AI–based tutor becomes that much more powerful when paired with a complete course progression (what educators call a complete scope and sequence), which is exactly what Khan Academy has been building from pre-K through college across subjects from its inception.
So if you want to make a system that can actually hope to teach a student an entire subject, a generative AI–based tutor becomes that much more powerful when paired with a complete course progression (what educators call a complete scope and sequence), which is exactly what Khan Academy has been building from pre-K through college across subjects from its inception.
第四部分：携手共进 - Part IV: Better Together#
To know oneself is to study oneself in action with another person. 认识自己，就是在与他人一起行动中研究自己。 —Bruce Lee—— 李小龙
To know oneself is to study oneself in action with another person. 认识自己，就是在与他人一起行动中研究自己。 —Bruce Lee—— 李小龙
加强协作学习 - Bolstering Collaborative Learning#
At the end of the day, academic learning isn’t really the only purpose of schooling. Schooling is also about building human connection through friendships, shared adventures, and mutual support.
At the end of the day, academic learning isn’t really the only purpose of schooling. Schooling is also about building human connection through friendships, shared adventures, and mutual support.
父母在基于人工智能的教育中的位置 - The Place for Parents in AI-Based Education#
vegging.
The best teacher or parent assistant is the one that children can turn to exactly when they need support.
vegging.
The best teacher or parent assistant is the one that children can turn to exactly when they need support.
提供事实：偏见和错误信息的状况 - Delivering the Facts: The State of Bias and Misinformation#
Well before the internet, these same dynamics played out across traditional mass media like TV, radio, and newspapers. It’s no secret that politicians lie. From the Gulf of Tonkin incident leading to a military escalation in Vietnam to the specter of weapons of mass destruction justifying the invasion of Iraq, our governments have used spurious data to tell narratives that reinforced biases, while “credible” people and institutions just went along for the ride. This dynamic is of course even worse in dictatorial regimes where the government controls the media and stifles dissent.
Well before the internet, these same dynamics played out across traditional mass media like TV, radio, and newspapers. It’s no secret that politicians lie. From the Gulf of Tonkin incident leading to a military escalation in Vietnam to the specter of weapons of mass destruction justifying the invasion of Iraq, our governments have used spurious data to tell narratives that reinforced biases, while “credible” people and institutions just went along for the ride. This dynamic is of course even worse in dictatorial regimes where the government controls the media and stifles dissent.
第六部分：人工智能时代的教学 - Part VI: Teaching in the Age of AI#
A teacher who is attempting to teach without inspiring the pupil with a desire to learn is hammering on cold iron. 一个老师如果试图教书，却没有激发学生的学习欲望，那就是在敲打冷铁。 —Horace Mann—— 霍勒斯・曼
A teacher who is attempting to teach without inspiring the pupil with a desire to learn is hammering on cold iron. 一个老师如果试图教书，却没有激发学生的学习欲望，那就是在敲打冷铁。 —Horace Mann—— 霍勒斯・曼
人工智能将如何增强教师和教学能力 - How AI Will Supercharge Teachers and Teaching#
I know a thing or two about the flipped classroom. In my 2011 TED Talk, I mentioned how, even then, teachers around the world were emailing me, telling me that because of the existence of Khan Academy videos, they did not feel that lectures were a good use of class time anymore. If kids could get microlessons in the form of on-demand video, at their own time and pace, class time could be used for Socratic dialogue, collaborative assignments, and supported student work. Essentially, lectures were now happening at home, and “homework” could now happen in a much more interactive classroom environment.
I know a thing or two about the flipped classroom. In my 2011 TED Talk, I mentioned how, even then, teachers around the world were emailing me, telling me that because of the existence of Khan Academy videos, they did not feel that lectures were a good use of class time anymore. If kids could get microlessons in the form of on-demand video, at their own time and pace, class time could be used for Socratic dialogue, collaborative assignments, and supported student work. Essentially, lectures were now happening at home, and “homework” could now happen in a much more interactive classroom environment.
第七部分：全球课堂 - Part VII: The Global Classroom#
The world has enough for everyone’s need but not enough for everyone’s greed. 这个世界有足够的东西满足每个人的需要，但不足以满足每个人的贪婪。 —Mahatma Gandhi—— 圣雄甘地
The world has enough for everyone’s need but not enough for everyone’s greed. 这个世界有足够的东西满足每个人的需要，但不足以满足每个人的贪婪。 —Mahatma Gandhi—— 圣雄甘地
第八部分：人工智能、评估和录取 - Part VIII: AI, Assessments, and Admissions#
Evaluation is creation: hear it, you creators! Evaluating is itself the most valuable treasure of all that we value. It is only through evaluation that value exists: and without evaluation the nut of existence would be hollow. Hear it, you creators! 评估就是创造：听着吧，你们这些创作者！评估本身就是我们所珍视的一切中最宝贵的财富。只有通过评估，价值才存在：没有评估，存在的坚果将是空洞的。听着，你们这些创作者！ —Friedrich Nietzsche—— 弗里德里希・尼采
Evaluation is creation: hear it, you creators! Evaluating is itself the most valuable treasure of all that we value. It is only through evaluation that value exists: and without evaluation the nut of existence would be hollow. Hear it, you creators! 评估就是创造：听着吧，你们这些创作者！评估本身就是我们所珍视的一切中最宝贵的财富。只有通过评估，价值才存在：没有评估，存在的坚果将是空洞的。听着，你们这些创作者！ —Friedrich Nietzsche—— 弗里德里希・尼采
大学招生的人工智能 - The AI of College Admissions#
Rather than introducing new problems in college admissions, AI is forcing us to realize existing deficiencies while offering the possibility for positive change. Used thoughtfully, perhaps with a bit of educated bravery, it might enable us to move to a fairer and more transparent world.
Rather than introducing new problems in college admissions, AI is forcing us to realize existing deficiencies while offering the possibility for positive change. Used thoughtfully, perhaps with a bit of educated bravery, it might enable us to move to a fairer and more transparent world.
第九部分：工作和接下来会发生什么 - Part IX: Work and What Comes Next#
Learn the rules like a pro, so you can break them like an artist. 像专业人士一样学习规则，这样你就可以像艺术家一样打破它们。 —Pablo Picasso—— 巴勃罗・毕加索
Learn the rules like a pro, so you can break them like an artist. 像专业人士一样学习规则，这样你就可以像艺术家一样打破它们。 —Pablo Picasso—— 巴勃罗・毕加索
人工智能世界中的就业 - Employment in an AI World#
What will jobs in an AI-infused marketplace look like and how do we prepare our learners for them? Since ChatGPT came on the scene, many in the know have been saying that you won’t get replaced by AI, but you might get replaced by someone else using AI.
The successful strategy will not be to resist but to adapt.
What will jobs in an AI-infused marketplace look like and how do we prepare our learners for them? Since ChatGPT came on the scene, many in the know have been saying that you won’t get replaced by AI, but you might get replaced by someone else using AI.
The successful strategy will not be to resist but to adapt.
如何让孩子为在人工智能未来的工作场所中茁壮成长做好准备 - How to Prepare Kids to Thrive in the AI-Future Workplace#
“Exactly what the job market of tomorrow looks like is very hard to predict, but the deeper the skill set, whether it’s medical consultation, scientific thinking, or customer support, the more value it’s going to have, even in a world where productivity will be enhanced by AI,” Bill Gates tells me.
Step one is to get out of the way. I believe all human beings are born highly creative and entrepreneurial. Unfortunately, our Industrial Revolution–designed education system unintentionally suppresses both traits. Kids learn to sit in rows, make no noise, and take notes. They are spoon-fed knowledge and forced to learn in lockstep. Both academically and socially, nonconformity is punished. When students are young adults and most capable of being creative entrepreneurs, the system instead bogs them down with hours of busywork that squeezes out any time for their passions.
As Bill Gates mentioned, the successful workers of the future will be those with deep and broad skills.
“Exactly what the job market of tomorrow looks like is very hard to predict, but the deeper the skill set, whether it’s medical consultation, scientific thinking, or customer support, the more value it’s going to have, even in a world where productivity will be enhanced by AI,” Bill Gates tells me.
Step one is to get out of the way. I believe all human beings are born highly creative and entrepreneurial. Unfortunately, our Industrial Revolution–designed education system unintentionally suppresses both traits. Kids learn to sit in rows, make no noise, and take notes. They are spoon-fed knowledge and forced to learn in lockstep. Both academically and socially, nonconformity is punished. When students are young adults and most capable of being creative entrepreneurs, the system instead bogs them down with hours of busywork that squeezes out any time for their passions.
As Bill Gates mentioned, the successful workers of the future will be those with deep and broad skills.
求职者与雇主配对 - Matchmaking Between Job Seekers and Employers#
It’s worth acknowledging that this might make some people uneasy. In fact, one of the biggest fears around AI is the bias it might introduce while screening résumés or interviewing candidates. I’ll be the first to admit that it will be near impossible to create a system that is free of bias. Yet I’d argue that AI will be an improvement when it can be demonstrably less biased and more consistent than the status quo, which is subjective and full of bias. Yes, we should heavily scrutinize any AI systems that claim they can assist in the recruiting process, but I also think that eventually you will have the tools that have not only made the process more inclusive and efficient but have also made it far less biased.
It’s worth acknowledging that this might make some people uneasy. In fact, one of the biggest fears around AI is the bias it might introduce while screening résumés or interviewing candidates. I’ll be the first to admit that it will be near impossible to create a system that is free of bias. Yet I’d argue that AI will be an improvement when it can be demonstrably less biased and more consistent than the status quo, which is subjective and full of bias. Yes, we should heavily scrutinize any AI systems that claim they can assist in the recruiting process, but I also think that eventually you will have the tools that have not only made the process more inclusive and efficient but have also made it far less biased.
这将把我们留在何方，它将把我们带到哪里：对受过教育的勇气的呼吁 - Where This Leaves Us and Where It Will Take Us: A Call for Educated Bravery#
My curiosity wasn’t just about fostering genius. If everyone had access to truly great education, I wondered, how many more billions of people might attain purpose and meaning in their lives?
There were two notions I couldn’t get out of my head, however. First, I tend to believe in market forces, but there are a few sectors—namely, education and health care—where the outcomes of market forces don’t always align with our values. Education and health care are two areas where our shared values tell us that, ideally, family resources shouldn’t be a limiting factor in accessing the best possible opportunities. Most of us believe that every mind and life deserves to reach its full potential.
When I first read the Foundation series in middle school, I found it inspiring to think along those time scales. It was also the first moment I truly appreciated that the strength of a civilization doesn’t lie in its physical size, power, and wealth. Those are just by-products of where the real strength lies: a society’s culture, know-how, and mindset.
This is not something to be taken lightly; there is real urgency here. Despite making us far more productive as a whole, this technology also has the potential to displace or disrupt many industries and jobs. The traditional labor pyramid—with less-skilled manual labor forming the bottom layer, bureaucratic white-collar jobs making up the middle layer, and highly skilled knowledge work and entrepreneurship making up the top—no longer applies. Robotics, including self-driving cars and trucks, is going to dramatically reduce the need for humans in that bottom layer. Generative AI can clearly perform large aspects of the work of the middle, white-collar layer and even parts of today’s most skilled professions. A society in which all the productivity and resulting wealth accrues to only the tippy-top of the traditional labor pyramid, likely concentrated in Silicon Valley, with many others out of work, will not be a stable one. It might lead to massive wealth redistribution efforts. This scenario is dystopian because most people aren’t looking for a handout. Rather, they want to have a sense of purpose and a feeling of contributing to the world.
The real solution is to invert that labor pyramid so that most people can operate at the top and use AI and other technology for their own productivity and entrepreneurship. The only way we have a hope of doing this is to use the same AI technology to lift the skills of a large chunk of humanity in the coming decades.
These very real possibilities may motivate some to advocate for slowing down innovation. Honestly, even I find the pace of its development dizzying. But the genie is out of the bottle, and the bad actors are not about to slow down because we want them to. Today, the good actors have the edge, but it really is a race. The countermeasure for every risk is not slowing down; it is ensuring that those favoring liberty and empowering humanity have better AI than those on the side of chaos and despotism.
Each of us has an obligation to make sure that we use this technology responsibly. This means that as developers we must put the necessary guardrails on it to protect our children. When problems arise, we should apply reasonable regulations, regulations that don’t give an edge to rule breakers. All the while, we must accelerate our efforts and make sure that we are developing the technology with the right intent and the right pedagogy. This will allow us to accelerate the improvement of human purpose and potential. Let’s use AI to create a new golden age for humanity, a time that will make today look like a dark age. From my vantage point, nothing could be more inspiring and important than that.
My curiosity wasn’t just about fostering genius. If everyone had access to truly great education, I wondered, how many more billions of people might attain purpose and meaning in their lives?
There were two notions I couldn’t get out of my head, however. First, I tend to believe in market forces, but there are a few sectors—namely, education and health care—where the outcomes of market forces don’t always align with our values. Education and health care are two areas where our shared values tell us that, ideally, family resources shouldn’t be a limiting factor in accessing the best possible opportunities. Most of us believe that every mind and life deserves to reach its full potential.
When I first read the Foundation series in middle school, I found it inspiring to think along those time scales. It was also the first moment I truly appreciated that the strength of a civilization doesn’t lie in its physical size, power, and wealth. Those are just by-products of where the real strength lies: a society’s culture, know-how, and mindset.
This is not something to be taken lightly; there is real urgency here. Despite making us far more productive as a whole, this technology also has the potential to displace or disrupt many industries and jobs. The traditional labor pyramid—with less-skilled manual labor forming the bottom layer, bureaucratic white-collar jobs making up the middle layer, and highly skilled knowledge work and entrepreneurship making up the top—no longer applies. Robotics, including self-driving cars and trucks, is going to dramatically reduce the need for humans in that bottom layer. Generative AI can clearly perform large aspects of the work of the middle, white-collar layer and even parts of today’s most skilled professions. A society in which all the productivity and resulting wealth accrues to only the tippy-top of the traditional labor pyramid, likely concentrated in Silicon Valley, with many others out of work, will not be a stable one. It might lead to massive wealth redistribution efforts. This scenario is dystopian because most people aren’t looking for a handout. Rather, they want to have a sense of purpose and a feeling of contributing to the world.
The real solution is to invert that labor pyramid so that most people can operate at the top and use AI and other technology for their own productivity and entrepreneurship. The only way we have a hope of doing this is to use the same AI technology to lift the skills of a large chunk of humanity in the coming decades.
These very real possibilities may motivate some to advocate for slowing down innovation. Honestly, even I find the pace of its development dizzying. But the genie is out of the bottle, and the bad actors are not about to slow down because we want them to. Today, the good actors have the edge, but it really is a race. The countermeasure for every risk is not slowing down; it is ensuring that those favoring liberty and empowering humanity have better AI than those on the side of chaos and despotism.
Each of us has an obligation to make sure that we use this technology responsibly. This means that as developers we must put the necessary guardrails on it to protect our children. When problems arise, we should apply reasonable regulations, regulations that don’t give an edge to rule breakers. All the while, we must accelerate our efforts and make sure that we are developing the technology with the right intent and the right pedagogy. This will allow us to accelerate the improvement of human purpose and potential. Let’s use AI to create a new golden age for humanity, a time that will make today look like a dark age. From my vantage point, nothing could be more inspiring and important than that.
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